The government recently launched a consultation on reforming the law concerning post-termination non-compete clauses in employment contracts. Its proposals include making such terms enforceable only if employers pay individuals for the period of restriction or, alternatively, prohibiting the use of such clauses altogether.
Non-compete clauses are just one type of post-termination restriction (PTR) – also known as 'restrictive covenants' – that employers may seek to include in employment contracts. One objective of using PTRs may be to restrict employees' ability to work for competitors or set up their own competing business for a specified period after their employment ends.
Until now, non-compete clauses – and PTRs more generally – have been governed by common law, which means that the underlying law has been developed by the courts over time and on a case-by-case basis. In broad terms, the case law provides that PTRs will be enforceable only if they are no wider than is reasonably necessary to protect employers' 'legitimate business interests', which will include their confidential information and customer connections. If a court deems a PTR to be too wide or unnecessary in the circumstances, it will be unenforceable.
In 2016 the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) issued a call for evidence on how and why non-compete clauses are used in the United Kingdom and their perceived associated benefits and disadvantages. In the end, the government decided to take no action, but it has now recognised that COVID-19 has had a "profound impact on the labour market", creating a need to boost innovation, increase competition and create new jobs. BEIS considers that non-compete clauses "can act as a barrier by preventing individuals from working for a competing business, or from applying their entrepreneurial spirit to establish a competing business". It has also observed that in certain jurisdictions where tech start-ups have thrived, non-compete clauses are not used at all.
While the new consultation paper states that the government is "considering multiple options", it largely focuses on two main alternatives:
- Option 1 – making post-termination non-compete clauses in employment contracts permissible only where employers provide compensation (most likely a percentage of the basic salary) for the period during which individuals will be prohibited from working for competitors or starting their own competing business; and
- Option 2 – making all post-termination non-compete clauses in contracts of employment void and unenforceable.
Option 1: mandatory financial compensation for duration of non-compete period
The consultation paper explains that the government is particularly interested in hearing views on the mandatory compensation route, noting that this approach is taken in several countries, including Germany, France and Italy. BEIS suggests that this could have various advantages, including:
- discouraging employers from inserting non-compete clauses indiscriminately and limiting their use to where they are truly necessary;
- ensuring that employees receive a fair settlement if they are to be restricted from joining or starting a competing business within their field of expertise;
- disincentivising employers from applying a non-compete clause for an unnecessary period, as this would generate an additional cost; and
- reducing litigation, as ex-employees may feel less inclined to breach a potentially enforceable restriction if they have been financially compensated for the duration of the restricted period.
As for the appropriate level of compensation, the consultation seeks views on whether this should be set as a percentage of employees' pre-termination average weekly earnings, asking whether this should be 60%, 80%, 100% or some other amount. Opinions are also sought as to whether employers should have the option to waive a non-compete clause early, thereby releasing individuals from the restriction and employers from the obligation to continue to pay compensation.
The consultation paper outlines two further "complementary measures" in relation to Option 1. The first proposal is to create transparency by requiring employers to disclose the exact terms of non-compete agreements to employees in writing before the commencement of employment relationships. Failing to do so would render the clause unenforceable. However, it is unclear how this approach would differ from the current practice of providing employees with the contractual terms in question as part of employment offers.
The second complementary measure that BEIS wishes to explore is the option of placing a statutory restriction on the duration of non-compete clauses. It suggests that introducing a specified maximum period would have the advantage of certainty and prevent businesses from using non-compete clauses that are unreasonably long. The consultation seeks views as to whether the clauses should be limited to three months, six months, 12 months or some other period after termination.
Option 2: banning all post-termination non-compete clauses
Turning to the second main option, the consultation paper states that banning all non-compete clauses in employment contracts may have the following advantages:
- providing greater certainty for parties – the scope of any ban would need to be clearly defined (and there would need to be consideration as to whether there should be exemptions); and
- making it easier for individuals to start new businesses, enabling the diffusion of skills and ideas between companies and regions and increasing labour mobility.
BEIS notes that this type of approach has been taken in Israel and California, each of which is home to some of the world's most innovative organisations and where, respectively, non-compete clauses are either relatively toothless or void. However, the consultation does acknowledge that there are arguments against prohibiting the use of non-compete clauses altogether, including that they may help to protect legitimate business interests and prevent harm to employers through, for example, the misuse of confidential information.
What could a reform of non-compete clauses mean for employers?
The government's consultation, which closes on 26 February 2021, will mark a radical departure from the current and longstanding legal framework if it ultimately leads to the introduction of statutory regulation in this area of employment law for the first time. While BEIS is focusing specifically on non-compete clauses, the consultation paper also asks whether similar reform should be applied to other types of PTR (eg, non-solicitation, non-dealing and non-poaching clauses) so a broader overhaul of the law on restrictive covenants cannot be ruled out.
While many employers will be especially concerned about Option 2, it seems relatively unlikely that the government will opt to go down that controversial route in the circumstances. Organisations large and small habitually use non-compete PTRs to protect their businesses from unfair and damaging competitive activity and so will likely stress their value when responding to the consultation. Indeed, if businesses feel that the fruits of their labour will be unprotected, that may act as a disincentive for them to invest in research and innovation in the first place. Such an outcome would undermine the principal objective of the consultation, which is to remove barriers to innovation and economic activity.
Reform along the lines of Option 1 seems to be the more likely outcome if changes are to be made. Were that to transpire, some employers may experience a benefit, albeit with a price tag attached, as employees who may previously have decided to breach a non-compete clause may be more inclined to remain out of the market with the confidence that a defined income will be secure.
This consultation is likely to be just the beginning of a lengthy process, with BEIS emphasising that a decision to progress any of the proposals would require careful consideration of the benefits and risks. If the government ultimately decides to make changes, it will likely take significant time for these to come into force.
