For years, international initiatives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have inspired EU leaders to transform Europe's economy into one with higher energy efficiency and lower carbon emissions. Biomethane is one emerging source of renewable energy which may be a suitable substitute for fossil fuels.
This article examines recent developments under Italian law to incentivise biomethane production.
The ministerial decree of 2 March 2018 defines 'biomethane' as:
fuel obtained from biogas which, following appropriate chemical-physical treatments... meets the characteristics set by the Regulatory Authority for Electricity, Networks and the Environment (ARERA)... and is suitable for subsequent compression for the introduction of natural gas into the network... Biomethane also includes the fuel produced through the methanation of hydrogen obtained from renewable sources and of the CO2 present in biogas destined for the production of biomethane or produced by biological and fermentative processes, provided that it satisfies the aforementioned characteristics.
In other words, biomethane is a biogas obtained through a refining and purification process (known as 'upgrading') which increases the concentration of methane (CH4) to levels higher than 95%, eliminating CO2 and other impurities.
Distinguishing biomethane from advanced biomethane
The legislation distinguishes between biomethane and advanced biomethane based on the materials from which the biogas is obtained. Annex 3 of the minister of economic development decree of 10 October 2014 and subsequent amendments made by Annex 3 of the ministerial decree of 2 March 2018 provide a list of the materials that can be used to produce biomethane or advanced biomethane.
The raw materials that give rise to biofuels that can be used to produce advanced biomethane include:
- algae, if grown in bodies of water on land;
- the biomass content derived from unsorted municipal waste;
- the biomass content derived from industrial waste unsuitable for use in the human or animal food chain;
- straw;
- animal fertiliser and sewage sludge;
- effluent from oil mills which process palm oil and empty palm fruit bundles;
- tall oil pitch;
- raw glycerin;
- pomace and wine lees;
- shells; and
- corncobs cleaned of their kernels.(1)
Separately, raw materials and fuels, such as used cooking oil and animal fats classified as Category 1 or 2 in accordance with EU Regulation 1069/2009, do not give rise to biofuels that can be used to produce advanced biomethane.(2)
How is biomethane transported?
Biomethane in gaseous form can be compressed for introduction into a gas pipeline network or for road transportation by tanker. In addition, a liquefaction process can be applied to create bioLNG (liquefied biomethane), which is transportable in special tanks.
What are the uses of biomethane?
Similar to natural gas or methane of fossil fuel origin, automotive biomethane can be used as fuel to power motor vehicles such as cars and commercial or heavy vehicles in bi-fuel or mono-fuel operation, in both gaseous and liquefied form.
The EU Green Deal emphasises that renewable energy sources will play an essential role in achieving climate neutrality, and the Clean Energy package includes a proposal to achieve a 32% share of energy from renewable sources by 2030. Biomethane is one of the ways in which this may be achieved.
What is the Italian regulatory framework for biomethane?
In 2006 Italy introduced a requirement to supply a certain volume of biofuels in order to reduce petrol and other fossil fuel consumption.
The principal parties which are the focus of the regulation are:
- the Energy Service System Operator (GSE);
- biomethane producers; and
- 'obliged subjects' (ie, entities that supply petrol or diesel for consumption in the transport sector).
The GSE issues certificates of supply for consumption (CICs) to biomethane producers.
Obliged subjects that have not physically mixed and supplied biofuels for consumption into the market must present CICs and can do this by purchasing excess CICs from biomethane producers which have supplied more than their minimum mandatory quota. Therefore, CICs can be marketed and are the main incentive for using renewable fuels.
Each CIC certifies the supply for consumption of a quantity of biofuel equal to 10GCal. However, for advanced biofuels (ie, if the biomethane is produced exclusively from the raw materials listed above or those set out in Part A of Annex 3 of the ministerial decree of 10 October 2014), the CIC's value doubles according to a double-counting mechanism, which provides an augmented incentive, effectively meaning that a CIC is issued for every 5GCal (equivalent to approximately 600m3 of methane).
This regime will operate until 31 December 2022 and has a production limit of 1.1 billion m3 of biomethane per year, with subsidies available only for biomethane to be used in the transport sector.
The ministerial decree of 2 March 2018 aims to promote a progressive shift towards biomethane. In addition to the construction of new biomethane production plants, CICs may also be required where biomethane is produced in existing biogas manufacturing facilities.
What incentives does the Italian reulatory framework provide for biomethane production?
Guarantees of origin
Plants which produce biomethane from certain materials (ie, animal by-products not intended for human consumption, by-products derived from food, agro-industrial activities and agricultural, livestock and forest management activities) can obtain numerous guarantees of origin from the GSE, corresponding to the emissions avoided by using biomethane.
Guarantees of origin can be sold to an obliged subject through bilateral contracts or a dedicated platform made available by the Italian Power Exchange.
Guarantees of origin are incompatible with all other forms of incentive provided under the ministerial decrees of 2 March 2018 and 5 December 2013. Therefore, guarantees of origin are not issued if CICs are issued.
CICs
As discussed above, producers of biomethane destined for the transport sector are entitled to receive one CIC from the GSE for every 10 GCal of biomethane released for consumption. Therefore, producers' revenues consist of payments from the sale of both biomethane and CICs.
In order to receive the corresponding CIC, a producer must first be accredited with the GSE. The application must be submitted to the GSE within one year of the plant commencing operations, and the result will be communicated within 120 days of receipt of the application. After a producer is accredited, it must inform the GSE of the supply agreements that it enters into and the obliged subjects (ie, transport fuel distributors or sellers) involved.
Upon verification of the actual amounts of biomethane released for consumption, the GSE will issue the appropriate number of CICs to the producer on a monthly basis, which the producer can sell to the obliged subjects.
The incentives are granted for 20 years following the date of the biomethane's initial introduction into the supply chain.
CICs for advanced biomethane
Producers of advanced biomethane are entitled to:
- the GSE's off-take of the advanced biomethane produced at a price equal to the weighted average price of biomethane at the virtual trading point during the month of the sale, discounted by 5%; and
- payment from the GSE of €375 per CIC (advanced biomethane entitles the producer to receive one CIC per 5GCal).
Producers are also entitled to ask the GSE to exempt them (even partially) from this centralised off-take process to enable them to sell the advanced biomethane through private contracts. In such cases, they will still be entitled to receive the €375 per CIC premium.
Incentives for advanced biomethane are granted for 10 years from the start of the incentive period. After the end of the 10-year period, the producers will be entitled only to receive CICs for the remainder of the incentive period and will not be entitled to participate in the GSE off-take process or receive any CIC premium.
How do existing biogas plants access the incentives provided for biomethane production?
Existing biogas plants may be totally or partially converted to biomethane production, including with increases in production capacity. Under certain conditions, such plants may be accredited and entitled to the incentives provided under the ministerial decree of 2 March 2018. If the existing biogas plant is already in receipt of incentives for electricity production, access to the incentives provided under the ministerial decree of 2 March 2018 will be possible, provided that:
- the remaining period of electricity-related incentives is more than three years; and
- the producer agrees to receive electricity-related incentives in respect of 70% of the electricity generated.
The applicable incentive consists of issuing CICs according to the amount and type of biomethane produced, as outlined above.
The incentive period is equal to the remaining incentive period for electricity plus 10 years in the case of a plant which is already receiving incentives for electricity generation. Otherwise, the period is equal to 20 years from the start of the incentive period.
Biomethane – the future of renewable energy?
Biomethane has advantages over other alternative energy technologies such as wind and photovoltaic because it is more reliable (its production being independent of variable weather conditions) and can be made available in any location. The prospects for biomethane as an energy source in Italy are promising; it has the potential to become one of the main protagonists in Italy's future energy sector and would facilitate the transition to a circular economy model.
Endnotes
(1) Part A, Annex 3 of the ministerial decree of 10 October 2014.
(2) Part B, Annex 3 of the ministerial decree of 10 October 2014.
